Julia Romberger, Graduate Program Director
Research interests: Visual Rhetoric and Document Design, Management Writing, Technical Writing, Digital Writing
Julia Romberger researches the environment's impact upon writing practices and the labor conditions of faculty who do technology related service for Writing Programs. Her work has appeared in Computers and Composition, The International Journal of the Image and the edited collections Pressures on Technical Communication Programs in a New Age of Austerity and conference proceedings for Proceedings of the Annual Simulation Symposium and the INTED Conference.
Bridget Anderson
Research interests: Acoustic Phonetics, Sociolinguistics, American Englishes, Appalachian Englishes, Southern Englishes, Forensic Linguistics
Bridget Anderson is an Associate Professor of Applied Linguistics and the Director of Tidewater Voices: An Oral History and Dialect Project. She specializes in acoustic phonetics and language variation. She also works on criminal investigations involving language through her forensic linguistic casework.
Kristi Murray Costello
Research interests: Writing Program Administration, Writing Center Studies, Writing Across the Curriculum, Writing in the Disciplines, Composition History and Pedagogy, Feminist Pedagogy, Emotional Labor, and Creative Nonfiction
Kristi Murray Costello, PhD is the Associate Chair of Writing Studies and General Education and an Associate Professor of Rhetoric, Composition, and Writing Studies at 51情报站. Her areas of expertise include composition pedagogy and history, writing program administration, writing center studies, Writing Across the Curriculum, Writing in the Disciplines, and creative nonfiction. In addition to teaching courses in the areas listed above, she recently co-taught an interdisciplinary course on the hip-hop musical Hamilton titled, "Who Tells Your Story: Race, Rhetoric, and the Revolution." Over the past couple of years, Kristi has been developing National Science Foundation and NSDA-funded writing support for students and faculty in the sciences and agriculture. She was named Arkansas' College English Teacher of the Year by the Arkansas Council of Teachers of English and Language Arts for 2016-2017. She is an editor of the forthcoming Utah State University Press collection, The Things We Carry: Strategies for Recognizing and Negotiating Emotional Labor in Writing Program Administration, co-edited alongside Courtney Adams Wooten, Jacob Babb, and Kate Navickas. She has published articles and reviews in Composition Forum, The Peer Review, Kairos, Women in Higher Education, and the WPA journal, among others. She has served as an Associate Editor on two editions of Parlor Press' Best of the Journals in Rhetoric and Composition and has chapters in several edited collections, including Christian Weisser, Michelle Ballif, Anis Bawarshi, Mary Jo Reiff's Ecologies of Writing Programs: Profiles of Writing Programs in Context and Tricia Serviss and Sandra Jamieson's Points of Departure: Rethinking Student Source Use and Writing Studies Research Methods. She currently serves as the Four-Year College Chair of Writing Across Virginia, a Council of Writing Program Administrators affiliate organization. Visit her website to learn more.
Staci Defibaugh
Research interests: Applied Linguistics, Medical Discourse
Staci Defibaugh is a discourse analyst and applied linguist whose specializes in medical discourse. Her research focuses on the interactional practices of nurse practitioners in medical consultations with patients. Her book, Nurse Practitioners and the Performance of Professional Competency: Accomplishing Patient-Centered Care (Palgrave MacMillan, 2017) explores how the concept of patient-centeredness is discursively constructed. She is also interested in how neoliberalism, a primarily economic theory, has come to pervade medical discourse not only within healthcare visits but in other texts including pharmaceutical advertising aimed at the general public. She has taught a course specifically on language use in institutional settings but more frequently teaches cross-cultural discourse analysis courses including, Discourse and Rhetoric Across Cultures and Language and Communication Across Cultures, both of which draw on research from the fields of applied linguistics, sociolinguistics and linguistic anthropology. She also teaches phonology and is a supervisor of the TESOL Practicum for students in the MA in Applied Linguistics program. When she is not teaching or pursuing her research interests, she spends her free time hiking, paddle boarding and engaging in other non-extreme outdoor activities, in an attempt to limit firsthand experiences of medical visits - leaving that to the realm of academic research only. Visit her website to learn more.
Kevin Eric DePew
Research interests: Writing Pedagogy, Online Literacy Education, Linguistic Diversity, Social Justice
Kevin Eric DePew is an Associate Professor of Writing Pedagogy. His research bounces between issues of linguistic diversity and online literacy education, although he gets very excited when he creates opportunities to work at the crossroads of these inquiries. Teaching courses that range from English Composition to doctoral pedagogy and methodology courses, he challenges his students to think about the "classroom"鈥攂oth the physical and digital/virtual ones鈥攁s a space for social justice. With Beth Hewett, he has edited (Parlor Press, 2015) and has published articles in Computers and Composition, Technical Communication Quarterly, and The Reading Matrix. After serving on the executive board of the (2016-2019), he is co-chairing a committee to develop their certification for online literacy educators. Visit his website to learn more.
Luisa A. Igloria
Research interests: Creative Writing, Poetry, Nonfiction, Contemporary American Poetry, Asian American Literature, Postcolonial Literature, Women Writers, Filipino and Filipino American Literature
Luisa A. Igloria is one of 2 Co-Winners of the 2019 Crab Orchard Poetry Open competition for her manuscript Maps for Migrants and Ghosts (forthcoming from Southern Illinois University Press in 2020). In 2015, she was the inaugural winner of the Resurgence Prize (UK), the world's first major award for ecopoetry, selected by former UK Poet Laureate Sir Andrew Motion, Alice Oswald, and Jo Shapcott. Former US Poet Laureate Natasha Trethewey selected her chapbook What is Left of Wings, I Ask as the 2018 recipient of the Center for the Book Arts Letterpress Poetry Chapbook Prize. Other works include The Buddha Wonders if She is Having a Mid-Life Crisis (Phoenicia Publishing, Montreal, 2018), Ode to the Heart Smaller than a Pencil Eraser (2014 May Swenson Prize, Utah State University Press), and 12 other books. She is a Louis I. Jaffe Endowed Professor and University Professor of English and Creative Writing, and teaches on the faculty of the MFA Creative Writing Program at 51情报站, which she directed from 2009-2015. Visit her website to learn more.
Rosaleen Keefe
Research interests: 18th Century Rhetorical Theory, Pedagogy, Philosophy of Language; Archival Work and Archival Theory; Rhetorics of Archives; Feminist Rhetorical Theory; 18th and 19th Century Women Writers and Philosophers
Rosaleen Greene-Smith Keefe is an Assistant Professor of English at 51情报站, where she teaches Historical Rhetoric. Her scholarly interests include classical rhetoric, Aristotelian materialism, 18th century rhetorical theory, pedagogy, and philosophy of mind and language, particularly Scottish Enlightenment rhetoric and the rise of literary studies. These areas also include archival work and archival theory, rhetorical historiography, and the rhetorics of archives. She also works on feminist rhetorical theory and 18th and 19th century women writers and philosophers.
Dr. Keefe is the editor of the Scottish Philosophy of Rhetoric (Library of Scottish Philosophy, Imprint Academic Press 2014) and her work may also be found in the Palgrave Handbook of Philosophy and Literary Criticism (2018), Ramus, Pedagogy, and the Liberal Arts: Ramism in Britain and the Wider World. Ed. Steven Reid and Emma A. Wilson (2011), and the Journal of Scottish Philosophy (2013).
Forthcoming work includes a book on Adam Smith's moral philosophy of rhetoric and belles lettres, several articles on Robert Watson's (1730-1781) lecture notes from his courses on Logic and Rhetoric at the University of St. Andrews, and an article on the feminist methodology of Jane Bennett as applied to assembleges that are strictly conceptual practices.
Margaret Konkol
Research interests: Digital Humanities, Poetry & Poetics, Environmental Humanities, Book History
Margaret Konkol specializes in poetry and poetics, transatlantic modernism, and environmental humanities and teaches courses in twentieth and twenty-first century American literature, digital humanities, and book history. She is a member of the Mpark Advisory Committee. She has also taught courses on post-apocalypse literature, feminist poetics, and supervised honors and MA thesis projects on a prototype digital archive of 51情报站's Mace and Crown (51情报站), William Carlos Williams (NCF), feminist media (NCF), and the postmodern pastoral (NCF). Her work combines computational and archival methods and her teaching emphasizes collaborative practice. Recent graduate student collaborations can be read about at .
Current projects include Modernism in the Green, co-edited with Julia Daniel (Baylor University), under contract with Routledge, and her book project Modernizing Nature which examines how modernist and popular poets engaged with ideas about social reformers' ideas about science as well as about citizenship, gender, sexuality, race, and ethnicity, specifically as these ideas conditioned the design and use of public green space. She has published or has forthcoming essays on the collaboration of Robert Graves and Laura Riding, the late poetics of Robert Creeley, and feminist conceptions of nature in Mina Loy's "Songs to Joannes." Her article "Public Archives, New Knowledge, and Moving Beyond the Digital Humanities/Digital Pedagogy Distinction" appears in . Connect with her on .
Amy Lindstrom
Research interests: Linguistics, Grammatical Patterning, Discourse-Mediated Language Change
Amy Lindstrom approaches linguistic study from a usage-based perspective, which holds that a comprehensive understanding of the patterning of language comes from the analysis of spoken discourse. To this end, she uses conversational and narrative corpora to inform her research on grammatical patterning, language contact, and discourse-mediated language change. Her current research examines motivations behind unexpressed subjects across person and number. She also works on the grammaticalization of discourse markers. Amy's future research plans include investigating the effect of language contact on the grammatical structures of typologically distinct languages.
Drew Lopenzina
Research interests: Early American Literature; Nineteenth Century American Literature; Native American Literature; Archival Theory and Research
Drew Lopenzina teaches in the intersections of Early American and Native American literatures. Classes he has offered in the past include "Pocahontas Unplugged," which explores the complex discourse grown out of the mytho-historical figure of Pocahontas, "Savagery and Civilization" which examines how oppositional binaries constructed in early American textual productions continue to define contemporary conceptions of the "savage" other, and "Archival Research and Methods," drawing from his own extensive archival research to think through ways that considerations of race and power interact in the production of archival knowledge. His most recent book, Through an Indian's Looking Glass (University of Massachusetts Press 2017) is a cultural biography of the Pequot activist and minister William Apess. Lopenzina is also the author of Red Ink: Native Americans Picking up the Pen in the Colonial Period (SUNY Press 2012). His book An Introduction to Native American Literature is forthcoming with Routledge Press in 2020. Essays appear in the journals American Indian Quarterly, American Literature, American Quarterly, Studies in American Indian Literature, Native American and Indigenous Studies and others. Lopenzina also enjoys all music recorded in the era between 1967-1974 and will, on occasion, play guitar for his dog.
John McManus
Research interests: Creative Writing (Fiction), Contemporary World Literature, Narrative Design
John McManus is the author of four books of fiction: Stop Breakin Down, Born on a Train, Bitter Milk, and his latest story collection, Fox Tooth Heart, published by Sarabande Books in November 2015. His work has appeared in Ploughshares, Tin House, McSweeney's, American Short Fiction, The Oxford American, and Electric Literature, among other journals and anthologies. He is the recipient of the Whiting Writers' Award, a Creative Capital Literature grant, a Fulbright Scholar grant, and the Fellowship of Southern Writers' New Writing Award. He grew up in Blount County, Tennessee, and now lives in Norfolk, Virginia, where he directs the MFA Creative Writing program at 51情报站. Visit his website to learn more.
David Metzger
Research interests: Rhetorical Theory (Classical. Biblical, Rabbinic, Modern), Jewish Studies, Critical Theory, Psychoanalysis, Rhetoric and Historiography (Medievalism)
David Metzger is Dean of the 51情报站 Honors College and Professor of English. He teaches courses in classical and modern rhetorical theory, Jewish studies, critical theory, and medieval studies. Publications include the following:
The Lost Cause of Rhetoric: the relation of rhetoric and geometry in Aristotle and Lacan (SIUP), Chasing Esther: Jewish expressions of cultural Difference (Kol Katan), Medievalism and Cultural Studies (Boydell & Brewer), Medievalism and Medieval Studies (Boydell & Brewer), Lacan and the Question of Writing (Special Issue of Pre/Text), and over forty articles/book chapters on a wide range of topics related to rhetoric and pedagogy. At Old Dominion, he has served as the Founding Director of Writing Tutorial Services (now the Writing Center), founding Graduate Program Director for the PhD in English, and founding Academic Director for the Institute for Jewish Studies and Interfaith Understanding.
Kevin Moberly
Research interests: Digital Media, Game Studies
Kevin Moberly is an Associate Professor of Rhetoric, Digital Media, and Game Studies in the English department at 51情报站 in Norfolk, Virginia. His research focuses on understanding how digital manifestations of popular culture reflect, contribute to, and transform contemporary cultural and political discourses. In particular, he is interested in the way that contemporary computer games encode labor, often blurring already uneasy distinctions between work and play. His work has appeared in a number of peer-reviewed journals and scholarly collections, including Eludimos, Computers and Composition, and Studies in Medievalism. He is working to complete a book-length study (co-authored with his brother, Brent Moberly) that examines how contemporary medieval-themed computer games function within and against the larger material context of late capitalism.
Manuela Mour茫o
Research interests: Victorian literature and Culture, 19thC British and World Literature, Critical Theory, Comparative Literature
Manuela Mour茫o is Professor of English at 51情报站. Her research and writing have focused on representations of sex and gender, Victorian women writers, and the formation of Portuguese racial identity. She is the author of several academic articles and of the monograph Altered Habits: Reconsidering the Nun in Fiction (UP Florida 2002), She is also co-editor, with Edward Jacobs, of William Harrison Ainsworth's 1839 novel Jack Sheppard (Broadview 2007). Most recently, she has published on representations of Portugal and Portuguese culture by nineteenth-century British authors ("Robert Southey on Portugal: Travel Narrative and the Writing of History," Nineteenth-Century Contexts, 37-1, 2015: 43-60; and "'The Finest Production of the Finest Country Upon Earth': Gender and Nationality in the Writings of Nineteenth-Century British Women Travelers to Portugal, European Romantic Review, 27-6, 2016: 769-790). She teaches graduate classes on Nineteenth-Century British Literature and Critical Theory, including a graduate seminar on Victorian Gothic, and another, team-taught with Edward Jacobs, on the British Periodical Press. She has served as Associate Chair of English since 2005. Dr. Mour茫o is also a mixed media visual artist whose wok explores the intersections of art, scholarship, and personal identity. Three of in particular鈥Whitewash, Remainders and Habit鈥攅xemplify that practice as they investigate race, nationality, and gender from a multidisciplinary perspective that blends scholarly inquiry with personal, subjective impressions. During the Summer, she can often be found on the Chesapeake Bay sailing her catamaran. Visit her website to learn more.
Ruth Osorio
Research interests: Disability Studies, Activist Rhetoric, Feminist and Queer Rhetorical Methodologies
Ruth Osorio is an Assistant Professor of Rhetoric and Women's Studies. As a feminist rhetorician and disability studies scholar, she is interested in how marginalized activists who have historically been denied a platform work to create their own. Her current project examines the rhetorical strategies of disability activists, exploring how they tap into their experiences of embodied difference, collective caregiving, and survival work as sources for rhetorical invention and delivery. She is also working on smaller projects on maternal activism, cross-cultural rhetorical education, and disability activism on Twitter.
Ruth is devoted to transforming academia into an accessible, just space for diverse bodies and experiences. Her work on promoting accessibility and just labor conditions in the field can be found on her website. Originally from Northern California, she is always on the hunt for the perfect veggie burrito. Visit her website to learn more.
Marc A. Ouellette
Research interests: Gender, Sex, and Sexuality in Contemporary Popular Culture; Game Studies
Marc A. Ouellette had to grow the middle initial because people giving awards to the renowned researcher with the same first and last names were tired of running into him instead. Marc is currently working on a book that studies the ways video games bring out and yet mask the contradictions in masculinities. He is the author (with Jason Thompson) of The Post-9/11 Video Game: A Critical Examination. His book on masculinity in video games is nearly complete and he is about to embark on a new book project on big data. With one of his grad students, he is editing a collection on Skyrim which should be ready by the end of the year. His primary research and teaching areas are gender, sex and sexuality in contemporary popular culture. He is the Learning Games Initiative Research Fellow and has received multiple awards for his teaching. Since 2007 he has been the Managing Editor of Reconstruction: Studies in Contemporary Culture and is on the advisory boards of several journals. At Old Dominion he teaches graduate classes in games and pedagogy, cultural theory, and gender, sex and sexuality.
Marc comes to 51情报站 from one of the southernmost towns in Canada and is a huge fan of the Montr茅al Canadiens, which in past has resulted in graduating students mercilessly pranking his office with Leafs gear. When not playing video games with his spouse and children, Marc is introducing hockey to Chesapeake one afternoon in the cul-de-sac at a time. A former high school basketball coach, Marc is also a coach's kid who was in a gym at ten days old and dreamed of being at a northeast school with hoops. While he still finds gym bleachers (and the hole between short and third) surprisingly comfortable, Marc seems equally at home working with anti-poverty and food redistribution efforts in the communities where he has lived.
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Louise Wetherbee Phelps
Research interests: Lifespan Writing Studies; Literacy and Aging; Cross-Generational Relations among Scholars; History, Theory, and Disciplinary Identity of Rhetoric and Composition/Writing Studies; Writing Program Administration and Program Development; Graduate Writing, Pedagogy, and Professional Development.
Louise Wetherbee Phelps is a Scholar-in-Residence and Adjunct Professor in Rhetoric and Writing at Old Dominion. Retired from Syracuse University as an Emeritus Professor of Writing Studies, Rhetoric, and Composition, she has been affiliated with the PhD program since 2009 and, in her current role, works with students, faculty, and classes as a doctoral advisor and mentor. At Syracuse she founded a department of Writing Studies, Rhetoric and Composition and developed a free-standing PhD Program in Composition and Cultural Rhetoric. In the profession, she coordinated the Visibility Project to gain recognition for rhetoric and composition/writing studies as a discipline. At 51情报站, she previously taught Summer Doctoral Institute courses on topics including embodied cognition, productive theory, writing program administration, and alternate histories of writing studies.
A recipient of the 2022 Exemplar Award from the Conference on College Composition and Communication, Dr. Phelps鈥檚 publications range from a foundational work on the development of writing studies as an interdisciplinary field, Composition as a Human Science (1988), to the co-authored book Cross-Border Networks in Writing Studies (2017), along with numerous journal articles and chapters. Her current scholarly work, situated in lifespan writing studies, combines research on literacy and aging with a multi-faceted study of the linked lives and literacies of her mother (Virginia Wetherbee) and herself over a span of 75 years. Its goals have evolved over time to include a self-study of Dr. Phelps鈥檚 own late-life composing and a remembrance project to preserve Virginia鈥檚 archived writings and extend her legacy through scholarly means. Guided by the principle of 鈥淧roceed as way opens鈥 (a Quaker saying), this longterm project has involved expanding her multidisciplinary knowledge base into new fields and topics as well as practicing a wider range of methods in order to answer her research questions.
Some recent publications include:
The Rosetta Stone, by Virginia Wetherbee, edited with an introduction and afterword by Louise Wetherbee Phelps. Purple Breeze Press, 2024.
鈥淏ouncing Back: Resilience and Its Limits in Late-Age Composing.鈥 Literacy in Composition Studies, 2023.
鈥淕eneration/al Matters: Story, Lens, and Tone.鈥 Composition Studies, 2022.
鈥淔iguring Writing Program Administration: Images & Words, Maps & Metaphors.鈥 In Radiant Figures: Visual Rhetorics in Everyday Administrative Contexts, ed. Mueller, Gramer, and Bearden. Computers and Composition Digital Press, 2021.
Alison Reed
Research interests: African American Literature, Critical Race & Ethnic Studies, Black Feminist Thought, Queer Theory, Critical Prison Studies, Abolition Feminism and the Black Radical Tradition, Prison Abolition and Arts Activism
Alison Reed is an associate professor of English at 51情报站 in Norfolk, Virginia, where she co-founded and directs , an abolitionist network of radical group-based study and mutual aid. With Felice Blake and Paula Ioanide, she co-edited (Punctum Books, 2019). Her research on performance, identity, power, and social movements has also been published in Prison Pedagogies: Learning and Teaching with Imprisoned Writers (Syracuse, 2018); Abolition: A Journal of Insurgent Politics; No Tea, No Shade: New Writings in Black Queer Studies (Duke, 2016); Lateral: The Journal of the Cultural Studies Association; Text and Performance Quarterly; Digital Creativity; Media-N; and Women & Performance. Her book, Love and Abolition: The Social Life of Black Queer Performance, is under contract with the Ohio State University Press. Her Pushcart-nominated poetry has appeared most recently in Cimarron Review, Hot Metal Bridge, CutBank, and Ocho: A Journal of Queer Arts. Visit her website to learn more and connect with her on .
Daniel Richards
Research interests: Technical Communication, Rhetoric, Writing Pedagogy, Visual Risk Communication
Daniel P. Richards is an associate professor of English, with specialties in technical communication and rhetoric. He teaches undergraduate courses in technical writing, digital writing, and rhetoric and graduate courses in technical communication theory, practices, and pedagogy. His work has appeared in the Journal of Business and Technical Communication, Technical Communication Quarterly, Communication Design Quarterly, Contemporary Pragmatism, and Composition Forum and various edited collections and conference proceedings. His co-edited collection, Posthuman Praxis in Technical Communication (2018), is currently out with Routledge's series in Technical Communication, Rhetoric, and Culture, and his solo edited collection, On Teacher Neutrality: Politics, Praxis, and Performativity (2020) will be released soon through Utah State University Press. For access to a full CV and teaching materials, visit his .
Don Rodrigues
Don Rodrigues is Assistant Professor of English at 51情报站, where his teaching and research focus on early modern literature and culture, queer theory, and digital humanities. He is the author of Shakespeare's Queer Analytics: Distant Reading and Collaborative Intimacy in Love's Martyr (Arden Shakespeare / Bloomsbury, 2022) and has held fellowships with The Folger Shakespeare Library, the metaLAB at Harvard University, and Vanderbilt University's Center for Digital Humanities.
Jeremy Saks
Research interests: Digital Journalism, Content Analysis, Media Effects, and Psychology
Jeremy Saks is an assistant professor of digital journalism and digital writing. His research specialities include digital journalism, content analysis, media effects, and psychology. His research has appeared in the Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, Telematics and Informatics, Journalism and Mass Communication Educator, the Newspaper Research Journal, and the Journal of Sports Media. Dr. Saks is currently working on multiple studies on how journalism outlets utilize social media platforms, as well as researching how audiences are influenced by content distribution strategies.
Dr. Saks has previously worked in web design and development. Additionally, he served as the Editorial Assistant and Assistant Editor for the International Communication Research Journal from 2015-2019.
Kent Wascom
Research interests: Creative Writing (Novel, Short Story, Feature Essay), Southern Literature, Latin American Literature, Japanese Literature, Weird Fiction, Science Fiction, Horror Fiction, History, Culture, and Ecology of the American Gulf Coast, Gaming and Economics in Early Modern Europe, Climate Change
Kent J. Wascom's research has primarily focused on the history, culture, and natural history of the Gulf Coast of the United States, and the region's relationship to Latin America and the Caribbean. This research, ranging from 18th century accounts to contemporary studies of the impacts of climate change, forms the basis for his sequence of novels, the Gulf Quartet, the most recent volume of which is The New Inheritors (Grove Press 2018). In addition to his work on the Quartet, he is currently researching the economic systems of Early Modern in Europe, gambling, and statistical probability, for a novel about Scottish financier John Law. As a writer and teacher of fiction, his main focus is conceptual experimentation and the possibilities of the sentence, particularly in terms of euphony and rhythm. As such, his interests encompass fiction in translation (primarily contemporary Latin American and Japanese fiction) the literature of the American South, and any works that push the possibilities of prose. He also read and incorporated into his courses genres of fiction that are not traditionally considered Literary, namely Weird fiction, SF, and horror.
Alla Zareva
Research interests: Applied Linguistics, Corpus-Based Research, Lexical Studies, Oral Academic Genre Analysis
Alla Zareva is a Professor of Applied Linguistics in the Department of English and, currently, the Graduate Program Director of the M.A. Program in Applied Linguistics. She teaches a range of linguistics and applied linguistics courses, including corpus-based language analysis, research methods, language acquisition, methods for teaching English to speakers of other languages, etc. Her research interests cover a wide variety of topics such as the organization of the mental lexicon, register and genre analysis, linguistic features of student academic presentations, and the intersection between oral and written academic genres. She is the recipient of grants, scholarships, and fellowships from the George Soros Foundation, the British Council, the U.S. Department of Education, and several U.S. universities. Alla Zareva has also had the privilege of teaching and carrying out research at several top-tier universities in the country and abroad and has published and presented her work nationally and internationally (for more information, click here). She enjoys travelling the world, beaches, islands, and everything in-between.